Cause and Effect: ので (vs から)

As we have covered in previous lessons so far, conjunctions connect sentences and therefore need to be in a verbal form. Remember, な-adjectives and nouns cannot be attached directly to conjunctive particles. Since ので starts with the explanatory の, な-adjectives and nouns need to use な.

• Verb + ので
• い-adjective + ので
• な-adjective + な + ので
• noun + な + ので

If the noun or な-adjective is already conjugated into a negative form or different tense (e.g: じゃない / でした) then there is no need for an extra な or です. When using the 〜ます or です forms, both sentences are usually in the polite form but not always.

Just like the から particle, ので is often translated as "because", "so", "therefore" and so on in English but try not to strictly translate particles between Japanese and English since these may not completely share the same meaning as they do in English.

Due to its polite feel, ので will normally be used in formal situations like when speaking to a stranger or within a business setting.

Explaining a Reason or Cause

ので as a conjunctive particle has a cause-and-effect type of relationship, similar to から; The sentence marked by ので provides a reason as an explanation. Here, の is used to provide an explanation and で is the て form of だ which links words and sentences together like when we saw てほしい and てあげる. We will look at the main functions of the て form in another lesson.

By connecting the following two sentences with ので, the speaker is explaining that the reason they are getting some fresh air is a direct result of feeling seasick.

This use of ので is placing more focus on the conclusion rather than the reason. Think of it like this: while "I got seasick" is important, the conclusion "I’m getting some fresh air" is more important. If we used から here, then the focus would be on the reason "I got seasick" rather than the conclusion; this is why we have not used the word "because" as that would emphasise the reason.

Unlike から, ので does not emphasise the reason as strongly. It naturally leads to the conclusion making it sound softer with の giving it a more explanatory tone rather than a direct statement. Therefore, ので ("I got seasick") explains the situation and the conclusion ("getting some fresh air") is derived from that situation.

It forms a somewhat objective statement without opinions or justification, just a factual cause and effect relationship. ので clearly shows this as a logical, objective reasoning even though it might seem like the statement would appear subjective. However, it is about what naturally leads to the conclusion rather than what the speaker believes or considers the cause or reason of the conclusion to be.

から in this context can sound more like the speaker is justifying their actions as a reason for "getting some fresh air"; It can sound more direct with a slightly stronger sense of asserting that the reason is the cause of the action.

In contrast, ので feels more like the speaker is explaining the context behind the situation. It is not about being completely "objective" in the strict sense but about sounding more explanatory and less abrupt. It makes the conclusion ("getting some fresh air") seem like a natural outcome of the situation, rather than something that was actively justified.

This can take some time and thinking about to wrap your head around so we have provided more explanations about the differences between から and ので in a section below.

Ending with ので

Unlike から that provides a reason for something previously said, what comes after ので is the conclusion (main idea) that can already be understood by context of the given situation. This can make a statement feel more polite. For example:

1. 暑いので・・・

   atsui node...

   It's hot so... (it'll burn if you touch it)

2. わたしはこの辺にくわしくないので

   watshi wa kono hen kuwashikunai node...

   I'm not familiar with this area (...so I don't know where to go)

3. 急ぎではありませんので

   Isogide wa arimasen node

   I'm not in a hurry (...so please take your time)

There is no need to worry about trailing off with ので because the listener should be able to take the hint of what you were trying to say without been too direct. This is useful when being direct may seem awkward.

A common occurrence of this is when someone asks a question and you reply with a personal reason as an explanation without repeating the question.

Here, there is no need for Shizuku to repeat 「遅刻しました」 so it is omitted. Instead, only ので is present to show that this is an explanation and it expresses the speaker's feelings. Otherwise, it would come across as a straightforward statement of fact which would sound unnatural.

You might wonder, why not use から for casual speech? The answer is that ので has a more personal feel to it, unlike から which sounds like you are describing someone else's reason.

If Kei was talking about why someone else was late, Shizuku would reply using から instead. If Shizuku had used から to describe herself being late, it would sound like she is justifying her lateness which would sound like an excuse rather than a natural cause of events.

Using ですので and なので Appropriately

When thinking about talking politely or being formal, it can be easy to assume that ので can be replaced with ですので; however, despite seeming very polite, it can be rude depending on the situation.

It is important that you do not start a sentence with ですので as this is not the same as using だから. Using it in this manner can sound accusatory, which could make the listener feel uncomfortable as though they are being blamed. Instead, you might want to use ですから. However, even this can still sometimes sound more direct than ですので.

Remember that ので is not the same as から but is more closely tied to んだ / のです which you would also never start a sentence with. Doing so is grammatically incorrect.

When used in formal settings, ですので should only ever be used to connect two sentences in spoken Japanese. Regardless of whether it is ですので or なので, using it at the beginning of a sentence with superiors or anyone else of higher status can come across as rude since it draws from a previously stated reason as the direct result of the conclusion.

If it appears that ですので or なので is used to start a sentence, it is actually a continuation of something the speaker previously stated. It is similar to how in English you may see a sentence incorrectly start with "so" even though it should be part of the previous sentence not the start of a new one. You may have heard the English rule: never start a sentence with "and", "but" or "or".

Both terms "so" and ので are conjunctions, not independent conjunctions so they cannot be used at the beginning of a sentence. However, in modern usage, you may sometimes hear it in casual spoken language (mostly in anime and video games and such) so try to avoid it in formal writing. Otherwise, you may consider using 「そのため」, 「したがって」 or 「よって」.

— Learner Mistakes

I should mention that なんで is not the same as なので when used at the beginning of a sentence. While it is true that the explanatory の can be contracted to ん, using なんで as a standalone word is actually 何で; the question word meaning "Why?". However, if used as a conjunction between two sentence, なので may still be contracted to なんで.

Another mistake to fall for is when ので is actually just the nominalisation の particle and the で particle combined, not a conjunction.

ので vs から

Both ので and から may seem to translate to the same thing in English: "Because", "Since", "therefore", "so" and so on; but they are not the same at all so they are not always interchangeable. This is why it is best to not translate or compare them too strictly to English rules.

Unlike ので, using から can turn almost anything into a reason. This is why there are situations you cannot or at least should not use ので whereas から is much more common. In the following sections, we shall look at the difference between ので and から.

Politeness

Many textbooks, teachers and natives may tell you that ので is the polite form of から and that these can be used interchangeably but this is not true. We need to understand why ので is considered polite rather than assuming it is just polite for the purpose of being polite.

In Japanese culture, expressions that strongly convey the speaker’s own opinions are implicitly considered less polite. This is why many teachers and textbooks often oversimplify から as being less polite than ので along with vague examples without clear explanations of how they are actually different.

ので explains the situation objectively without being too direct.

This is especially true for a situation out of your control where the reason or cause naturally leads to the conclusion. As mentioned before: the reason or cause explains the situation and the conclusion is derived from that situation. It frames the cause in a way that acknowledges shared knowledge, which can be seen as being more considerate or thoughtful.

In contrast, から usually comes across as more direct and straightforward.

This is due to the fact that the speaker may be asserting or justifying their situation. It directly draws a reason or cause from the speaker's own viewpoint, which might not consider the listener's perspective as thoroughly. This subjectivity can be seen as less considerate or polite in formal situations.

In the following sections, we will see how being objective or subjective is also connected with politeness. The objectivity of ので naturally seems more polite while から can comes across as less polite. This is useful to know when there are cases were either ので or から can be used interchangeably.

Placing emphasis

The use of から is directed towards why something happened or is the case. Here, the speaker is emphasising the "rain" as a justification for the game been cancelled.

• 雨が降ったから試合は中止になりました

  [ame ga futta kara] shiai wa chuushi ni narimashita

  Because it rained, the game was cancelled.

If we use ので, the focus is now on the conclusion (or effect). Here, the speaker is emphasising the conclusion ("the game was cancelled") that the cause lead to.

• 雨が降ったので試合は中止になりました

  [ame ga futta node] shiai wa chuushi ni narimashita

  The game was cancelled because it rained.

If you are familiar with the philosophy of Critical Thinking, you might consider から as emphasising the Logical Premises while ので focuses on the Logical Conclusion; this is why I have opted for using "conclusion" instead of "result":

• A から B — (Focus = A)
  • Because of A, B
  • Since A, B
  • As a result of A, B
  • From A, B
  • Given that A, B
• A ので B — (Focus = B)
  • A, so B
  • A, therefore B
  • If A, then B
  • A, hence B
  • A, for that reason B

Here, から is like an argument which makes a case; this does not mean by violence and anger but a reason given in support of a conclusion. ので is an explanation, it asks "Why?", why is something the case? It helps us to understand the conclusion.

Saying, "I was late because (から) the train was delayed" sounds like an excuse, the speaker is justifying their situation by providing a reason. In contrast, saying "the train was delayed so (ので) I was late" comes across more naturally and less direct as an explanation of the situation without the justification; this is why ので is closely tied to のです with both commonly seen together in statements to give explanations.

Try not to take this too seriously, though. The point here is that whichever you choose to use can subtly change the emphasis between the reason (cause) and the conclusion (effect).

In English, you can use either "because" or "so" (or any other synonym like in the list above) to place emphasise in the same way:

• ので = It rained so the game was cancelled.

  This is a statement suggesting that the claim "the game was cancelled" is a direct result of the rain. Assuming that "It rained" is true, it is a valid and logical reason which may be considered objective. It is a reasonable and natural cause of events.

• から = Because it rained, the game was cancelled.

  This is a statement explicitly emphasising the reason(s) making it clear that the rain was the cause of the cancellation. It is what the speaker believes or considers the cause/reason to be. This may be seen as a subjective fact due to it sounding like a justification for the conclusion.

In a similar way with Japanese, to shift the emphasis between reason and conclusion, we can use either ので or から. Therefore, it is best not to overuse words like "because", "since", "so" interchangeably as they do not always represent what these particles are actually doing. Try to stick to exclusive words if anything, like から as "because" and ので as "so" but only when connecting between two sentences.

Causal Connection and Justification

First lets define the difference between Causal Connection and Justification:

• ので = Causal Connection focuses on the natural relationship between cause and effect; It does not require any reasoning. This is why it is seen as Objective. For example, if you see something that looks like a tree and say "it's a tree", your belief of "it's a tree" was caused directly by seeing the tree itself even if it is not actually a tree, that is a causal connection.

• から = Justification is about reasoning and evidence. Because it involves your cognitive process in deciding why you believe something is true, it is seen as Subjective. For example, you may justify your belief that something is a "tree" by reasoning that it grew from a seed, it has branches and leaves; this justification depends on the reasoning process and providing evidence.

ので for Causal Connection

Knowing this, lets now take a look at a common example:

• 電車が遅れたので遅刻しました

  [densha ga okureta node] chikoku shimashita

  the train was delayed so I was late

Here, ので expresses a causal connection; you are stating that the train delay directly caused you to be late, focusing on the natural, objective sequence of events. There is no attempt to excuse yourself, it is just a straightforward account of how one event led to another without needing to justify why it happened.

This can come across as blaming the train for your lateness; maybe you arrived at the train station with plenty of time to spare but the delay meant you were going to be late anyway. There was no other way you would be able to be on time. It was out of your control.

ので is focusing on the situation itself, not you. This can have an apologetic feel to it like saying: "I'm really sorry. The train was delayed so I was late".

から for Justification

• 電車が遅れたから遅刻しました

  [densha ga okureta kara] chikoku shimashita

  I was late because the train was delayed

On the other hand, から expresses a justification; you are giving a reason as to why you were late which sounds like you are justifying the situation. It is giving a subjective reason for your lateness, as if trying to say that given the circumstances, being late was not completely your fault.

This can come across as making excuses; maybe you were cutting it close or maybe you left the house a little too late ("Why didn't you just leave home earlier?"). In other words, you are trying to justify why it was not your fault for being late even though it probably was.

から is focusing on your own point of view rather than the situation. This can have an defensive feel like saying: "It's not my fault. It was because the train was delayed that I was late".

Fault and Excuses

Due to this nuance in meaning between ので and から, a statement using ので may sound like you are giving fault to something or accusing someone despite the claim that ので is considered more polite. It is useful to be aware of the issues this can present.

• 宿題を出さなかった「から・ので」先生に怒られました

  [shukudai o dasanakatta] (kara / node) sensei ni okoraremashita

• から = You got scolded by the teacher because you didn't hand in your homework.
• ので = You didn't hand in your homework so you got scolded by the teacher.

Using から in this context feels more like a straightforward statement of cause and effect; it is more about providing a reason as a justification for why something happened rather than highlighting where the fault lies. Here, it is implying that the scolding came after the failure to hand in the homework. Though, there could have been other reasons why you got scolded by the teacher.

This can also sounds less polite because the speaker is only thinking about what they think is the reason rather than what will naturally follow. I could be seen as being self-centred, depending on the context: "It was because you didn't hand in your homework that you got scolded by the teacher".

In contrast, using ので leads naturally to the conclusion, subtly suggesting that this was the fault of the person not submitting their homework; it can come off as pointing out the fault or blame more explicitly. Here, it is explaining that not handing in the homework directly lead to you getting scolded.

This is more objective since it is not based on personal justification and as a result it sounds softer than the statement using から, even though it is still pointing the blame: "Unfortunately, you didn't hand in your homework and so you got scolded by the teacher".

We will look at what to do when you do not want to accidentally imply fault or blame in another section.

In the following example, imagine that the speaker is trying to attend a competition but the fact that it is in the morning makes it difficult to get there. Maybe they live very far away or have some other issue.

• 競技は早朝にスタートしたので間に合いませんでした

  [kyougi wa souchou ni suta-to shita node] maniaimasen deshita

  [The competition started in the early morning so] I didn't make it in time

In this example, it is more appropriate to use ので since the fact that the "competition started in the early morning" naturally led to the speaker not making it in time. It is not necessarily placing fault with the competition starting early but rather the situation itself. The speaker probably had plenty of time to make it but other factors made it problematic to get there on time like heavy morning traffic.

If the speaker had used から, while it is still grammatically correct, it sounds less natural and may come across as an excuse. から here would sound more like the speaker is trying to justify their situation rather than the fact it was out of their control and they would have been late anyway.

When making excuses, ので can be used to soften the response. For example:

• 運転中だったので電話に出られなかった

  [untenchuu datta node] denwa ni derarenakatta

  [I was driving so] I couldn't answer the phone

Here, ので places more focus on the situation itself; it just provides an objective explanation, without emphasising any personal justification. However, if から was used here, it would make the response sound more self-centred since it focuses on the personal reason; the speaker feels they need to explain themselves by justifying why they cannot answer. This could even imply the listener is at fault for calling.

Objective and Subjective

When you have no control over the cause of something, it is very common to use ので; this is because there is a clear, logical reason for why something happened. On the other hand, you may use から if it is based on personal beliefs or feelings rather than concrete evidence or reasoning.

• 雨が降っているので家にいる

  [ame ga futte iru node] ie ni iru

  It's raining so I will stay at home

Here, it is not a matter of whether the speaker thinks that rain naturally causes someone to stay at home but the fact that not wanting to get wet is perfectly reasonable; there is no need to show any justification for it. This follows on the idea of epistemic causal connection we looked at before.

However, there are cases where ので is not as common or does not work well. From what we have covered so far, consider the following premises:

• 今日は寒いから

  kyou wa samui [kara]

  Because It's cold today...

• 今日は寒いので

  kyou wa samui [node]

  It's cold today, therefore...

Which would be more appropriate for the given conclusions?

1. ... I didn't go outside
2. ... I'll wear extra clothing
3. ... I had a warm drink
4. ... I'll go outside
5. ... I'll eat ice cream

Using either ので or から with conclusions (1), (2) and (3) make sense but conclusions (4) and (5) are rather questionable since they do not seem to be logical reasons so which one is best?

In conclusion (4), the cold would usually prompt someone to stay inside rather than go outside; Unless there is some very unusual context explaining why, it does not logically make sense. Therefore, it is more about the reason why the speaker wants to go outside rather than the cause that lead to it happening.

In conclusion (5), cold weather generally makes people want something warm, not cold; Cold weather as a cause for eating ice cream does not make much sense logically. Therefore, it is more about the reason the speaker wants to eat ice cream rather than the cause that led to it happening.

As you can see, conclusions (4) and (5) should use から because the speaker is justifying their actions based on the reason. ので does not make sense here; in what way does cold weather naturally lead someone to "eat ice cream" or "go outside"? We can only assume the speaker has their own legitimate reasons for doing so but not because it is a direct cause for doing so.

We can now understand that から not only works for expressing logical reasons but also reasons that are unusual or do not make any sense. It can be attached to whatever you think is the cause or reason for something. In other words, it expresses your unique opinion which is why から is seen as subjective or making strong assertions.

Now, what about conclusions (1), (2) and (3)? Either ので or から work here but から would be the preferred choice as it is still a subjective statement; wearing extra clothing or not going outside when it is cold is a personal choice. In this context, using ので instead mainly serves the purpose of softening the statement, making it sound more polite and objective.

As long as you consider something to be the cause or reason, you can attach から to it; this best reflects your own unique perspective of a situation which is why it may be seen as subjective. Being able to turn almost anything into a reason is a unique feature, exclusive to から only.

から and ので in the Same Sentence

Sometimes, it might seem unclear where to use から and ので or which one means what so let us take the following two examples:

1. 試験が近いので、毎日勉強しているから、早く寝ます

   shiken ga chikai node, mainichi benkyou shiteiru kara, hayaku nemasu

   I will go to bed early because I am studying every day, since the exams are near

2. 試験が近いから、毎日勉強しているので、早く寝ます

   shiken ga chikai kara, mainichi benkyou shiteiru node, hayaku nemasu

   I will go to bed early since I am studying every day because the exams are near

The first thing to understand is that the reason/cause marked by から or ので must come before the conclusion, for instance:

1. 試験が近いので、毎日勉強しているから、早く寝ます

   (The exams are near so I am studying every day)

   試験が近いので、毎日勉強しているから、早く寝ます

   (Because I am studying every day, I will go to bed early)

It is only natural that you would want to "study every day" assuming it is true that "The exams are near"; for that reason, it is connected with ので. However, "I go to bed early because I study every day", is a subjective statement reflecting a more personal decision so から is used.

Think of ので as "This is the situation and as a result, this outcome follows naturally." just like how んだ is explaining that something is the case like "This IS the situation". In other words, the "forthcoming exam" is the situation and as a result, "I am studying every day".

If から and ので are reversed or used interchangeably, the nuance in meaning changes and this may lead to an unnatural statement, for example:

2. 試験が近いから、毎日勉強しているので、早く寝ます

   (I am studying every day so I will go to bed early)

   試験が近いから、毎日勉強しているので、早く寝ます

   (Because the exams are near, I am studying every day)

Now, we have a statement that sounds unnatural because the act of going to bed early is a personal choice, not a direct result of exams or studying. Going to bed early does not necessarily make you better at exams. Using ので this way is like saying "studying every day" is my situation and as a result, "I will go to bed early". This is more natural with から instead.

In addition, Using から in the first part, "I am studying every day because the exams are near", makes it sound more like a justification rather than as a direct result of the exams coming up. It could even be interpreted as an excuse; maybe you had being playing around and not studying much at all but now you only decided to study because the exams are near.

You would normally expect that if you want to pass an exam, you will have to at least do some studying; not because you think it is a choice but it is what is expected of you to do in this given situation. Therefore, ので would be more natural here.

Asking for Reasons

When asking for a reason, it is more appropriate to use から. Using ので sounds unnatural and more like a roundabout way of asking for a reason; this may be okay in a more polite and formal setting but it can come across as awkward.

• 安いからでしょうか

  yasui kara deshou ka

  Is it because they are cheap?

Further more, since you will be asking for a reason or cause as an explanation, it is common to just use the explanatory の particle or a pattern like どうして…のですか, instead of using ので.

• どうして私の電話番号がわかったのですか？

  doushite watashi no denwabangou ga wakatta nodesu ka?

  How did you know my phone number?

• アリスが言ったから

  arisu ga itta kara

  Because Alice told me

Similarly, responses to questions about reason like the example above commonly use から too. Consider what we have covered so far and the fact that providing a explanation to a question is usually a subjective assertion or justification of why something is the case. If you really intend to be polite and present an objective fact, then ので may still be used but it is not very common.

Commands and Requests

When giving commands, it is best to use から; using ので here would weaken the level of directness, assertion and justification that から portrays and make it sound more like a request instead or a direct command to do something.

• うるさいから静かにしなさい

  urusai kara shizukani shinasai

  Be quiet, (because) you're too noisy

• いやーん！手紙書いてんだから見ないで！

  iya-n! tegami kaite n'da kara minaide!

  No~! Don't look, (because) I’m writing a letter!

However, when making a request, you should typically use ので; this also makes it sound more polite and indirect. If you use から here, it would place more emphasises on you own needs rather than the listener's, which can make it sound more self-centred.

However, if you are speaking casually with family or friends, there are many times where using から for requests is just fine since the politeness of ので might seem a little unnatural. Also, when using から with requests, it has the feel that you are doing it for the listener's sake. For example:

• 危ないからやめておけ

  abunai kara yameteoke

  Don't do it, (because) it's dangerous

Using て-form to avoid Excuses or Blame

We mentioned about before how から and ので can come across as an excuse, blame, fault or accusation but what if there is a situation where you want to avoid the possibility of being misunderstood? By dropping から or ので and using just the て form of a verbal phrase, you can avoid this.

This use of the て form replaces から or ので and connects sentences in the same way, simply stating that one event occurred and then another. Its nuance is rather the same ので just without the possibility of highlighting any fault or blame.

1. お腹が痛くて学校を休みました

   onaka ga itakute gakkou o yasumimashita

   My stomach hurt so I skipped school

2. 先生が病気で授業が休みになりました

   sensei ga byouki de jugyou ga yasumi ni narimashita

   The teacher was sick and class was cancelled

3. 電車が遅れて遅刻しました

   densha ga okurete chikoku shimashita

   The train was delayed and I was late

This avoids the subjective tone that may come across when using から which can sometimes sound like a excuse. We touched on this a little in the lesson about using the explanatory んだ / のです. Generally, the use of the て form is usually translated as "and" but we will look at the て form in another lesson.

Just remember that で in sentence (2) is theて form of だ, not to be confused with the で particle.

The easiest way to tell is that the case particle で for expressing means or location must be attached to a noun, whereas a conjunctive particle like から or ので must be attached to a verbal form which is why they use な, だ or です when attached to a noun or な-adjective; this is to turn them into a verbal form. However, both verbs and い-adjective are already in a verbal form so they do not need modifying.

Additional Notes

Just like it happens in English, many people will use words interchangeably without taking much notice of whether it is the most appropriate way; similarly, many Japanese people will use から instead of ので. Think about whether you are stating a cause ので or a reason から.

Many people may say knowing the difference is not important because no one thinks about it anyway (implicit knowledge) and that you should just listen to real Japanese native speakers (appeal to the people) even if it is wrong. Would you still use the phrase "I ain't done nothing" because that is what many American's say, despite the double negative implying that you actually did something?

This is a controversial topic since there are many arguments for and against what から and ので actually mean. One paper by Nagano (1952) "「から」と「ので」とはどう違うか" claims that から is considered subjective, explaining the cause or reason, while ので objectively describes the causal relationship. In contrast, Brown and Levinson's (1978, 1987) "theory of politeness" suggests it is not.

— Using ので

• ので shares meaning with んです.
• ので expresses a neutral, objective cause-and-effect relationship – it tells the listener that one event naturally led to another.
• ので expresses a cause.
• ので "This is how it happens naturally".
• ので is considered softer and indirect.
• ので places focus on the conclusion rather than highlighting the cause.
• ので is often used in formal writing and speaking.
• ので has a more objective tone.
• ので is considered more factual or logical.
• ので cannot always be used to express opinions and feelings.
• ので is less common for expressing reasons for judgements, decisions, requests or commands.
• ので is used for situations that naturally lead to a result, especial ones outside your control (e.g. the train was delayed).
• ので should not be used when providing a reason.
• ので should only be used when it is your own personal reason (the speaker) when speaking formally, not someone else's reason.
• ですので should not be used to start a new sentence.
• なので should never be used to start a new sentence.
• 〜のでです should never be used.
• 〜でしょうので should never be used.
• 〜かもしれませんので should never be used.

— Using から

• から is not the same as ので.
• から expresses a subjective reason – it tells the listener that the speaker personally considers one event to be the cause of the other, which can sometimes be perceived as less neutral.
• から expresses a reason.
• から "This is how I think it will happen".
• から is more definitive and direct.
• から is often used for speaking.
• から has a more subjective tone.
• から does not need to be factual or logical.
• から can be used to express opinions and feelings.
• から places focus on making the reason clear.
• から is based on the speaker’s justification.
• から should be used when providing a reason, even when being formal.
• から should be used when it is someone else's reason, not yours.
• からです is acceptable.
• Only から can be used with だろう
• Only から can be used with でしょう
• Only から can be used with …のは…からだ

Related Lessons and References

Here is a list of other pages as a reference of what else you may be interested in reading: